Harlequin Duck – State Wildlife Action Plan

Harlequin Duck

Harlequin Duck drake. Photo Credit: Keith Kohl

The Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) fills a unique role among North American waterfowl. It breeds in fast-moving, clear rivers and streams, where it uses its strong swimming skills to navigate whitewater. It dives to the bottom of rivers to feed on larval insect in rocky substrates.

After the breeding season, Harlequin Ducks migrate to the coast and spend the winter in the Pacific Ocean. They are a small species of sea duck, with a small bill and long tail.

Males are boldly patterned, with a slate-blue body, a white crescent and spot on the face, a chestnut-colored patch on the crown and flanks, and bold white stripes on the body. Females also have white face markings but are mostly brown in color. Males are larger than females.

Overview

  • Species Common Name Harlequin Duck
  • Species Scientific Name Histrionicus histrionicus
  • Federal Listing Status Species of Concern
  • State Listing Status Sensitive

Ecoregions

Special needs

Harlequin Ducks typically breed along moderately-sized mountain streams with boulder substrate. They select well-concealed nest sites along stream banks or on islands. Harlequin Ducks forage on benthic macroinvertebrates in fast-flowing, clear water with rocky bottom. This species molts and winters in nearshore areas along the coast.

Limiting factors

Harlequin Ducks have narrow breeding habitat requirements, high breeding site fidelity, low reproductive rates, and delayed reproduction. Molting birds are vulnerable to human disturbance as well as pollution and oil exposure from oil spills. Excessive harvest has the potential to impact populations, though annual harvest in Oregon appears to be very low and most areas used by harlequins during the waterfowl season are closed to hunting.

Conservation actions

•Minimize disturbance in breeding areas.
•Continue to conduct robust harvest estimates.

Key reference or plan

Final Report on 2012 and 2013 ISSSP Harlequin Duck Monitoring in the Oregon Cascades, Willamette and Mt. Hood National Forests and Salem and Eugene Bureau of Land Management Districts. Read here

Harlequin Duck Occupancy and Landscape-scale Habitat Associations on National Forest Lands in Washington. Read here

Conservation Assessment – Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). Read here

Conservation Planning Tool: Design Elements for Harlequin Ducks in Stream Restoration Projects – Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). Read here

Harlequin Duck Species Status Summary and Information Needs Read here