American White Pelican – State Wildlife Action Plan

American White Pelican

Photo Credit: Keith Kohl, ODFW

The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a large white bird with black primaries and outer secondaries. It has an enormous bill with distensible ‘gular’ pouch, and webbed feet. It usually occurs in flocks, and flies with its characteristic head withdrawn. In early breeding season, its bill and legs are bright orange, its head with white plumes and laterally flattened “horn” on upper mandible. The species typically nests colonially on islands associated with fresh or brackish water habitats, including lakes, impoundments, embayments, marshes, and estuarine areas. Most birds that breed in Oregon are resident year round.

Overview

  • Species Common Name American White Pelican
  • Species Scientific Name Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
  • State Listing Status Sensitive

Ecoregions

Special needs

American White Pelicans nest in isolated, sparsely vegetated terrestrial habitats, typically on islands in rivers, lakes, and freshwater marshes. In Oregon, colonies occur on both natural and human-constructed islands in freshwater lakes of the Great Basin, in marshes associated with Upper Klamath Lake, and on artificial islands in the freshwater zone of the lower Columbia River estuary. Nest sites vary in vegetation cover but are often located near or among woody and herbaceous plants. At Lower Klamath Lake, nesting occurs on marsh vegetation, while at Malheur and Crump Lakes, the species nests on gravel surfaces of unvegetated artificial islands. During migration, American White Pelicans primarily use inland habitats, but rarely overwinter in the state. They use shallow-water areas for cooperative feeding.

Limiting factors

This species’ specialized nesting and foraging habitat is subject to droughts, floods, and manipulated water levels. American White Pelicans are sensitive to human disturbance and avian/mammalian predation at nest sites. The species was historically threatened by changing water levels, human disturbance, persecution, and possibly environmental contaminants (toxaphene, endrin, and dieldrin). Diseases (avian cholera, aspergillosis, botulism, West Nile virus, and encephalitis) are documented causes of American White Pelican mortality.

Conservation actions

• Minimize human disturbance in nesting areas during the breeding season and in shallow-water feeding areas.

• Where appropriate, manage water levels to provide suitable foraging and nesting habitat.

Key reference or plan

A Monitoring Strategy for the Western Population of American White Pelicans: 2018 Revision. Read here